韋恩食記

In contrast to the political anarchy, economic dislocation, and military destruction in Spanish America, Brazil's drive toward independence from Portugal proceeded as a relatively bloodless transition between 1808 and 1822.
與西班牙美洲地區的無政府狀態、經濟混亂和軍事破壞相反，在1808年至1822年間，巴西脫離葡萄牙走向獨立相對來說是一次不流血的政變。
The idea of Brazilian independence first arose in the late eighteenth century as a Brazilian reaction to the Portuguese policy of tightening political and economic control over the colony in the interests of the mother country.
巴西獨立的想法最早是在18世紀末產生的，葡萄牙為了自己國家的利益，加強對巴西殖民地政治和經濟的控制，而巴西獨立的想法正是對葡萄牙這種做法的反抗。
The first significant conspiracy against Portuguese rule was organized from 1788–1799 in the province of Minas Gerais, where rigid governmental control over the production and prices of gold and diamonds, as well as heavy taxes, caused much discontent.
巴西在1788年到1799年間，在米納斯吉拉斯州境內，組織了對葡萄牙統治的第一次重要的反叛，在那裡嚴苛的政府控制了黃金和寶石的生產及價格，並讓人民負擔沉重的捐稅，引起了諸多的不滿。
But this conspiracy never went beyond the stage of discussion and was easily discovered and crushed.
但這次陰謀從沒有訴諸行動，它很快就被發現並被鎮壓了。
Other conspiracies in the late eighteenth century as well as a brief revolt in 1817 reflected the influence of republican ideas over sections of the elite and even the lower strata of urban society.
18世紀末期發動的其他反叛，以及1817年的一次短暫的起義，都反映出獨立思想對一些精英，甚至是對下層社會所造成的影響。
All proved abortive or were soon crushed.
所有的這些叛變都流產了，或很快就被鎮壓了。
Were it not for an accident of European history, the independence of Brazil might have been long delayed.
如果不是歐洲歷史上的一次意外事件，巴西的獨立可能會延後很久。

The French invasion of Portugal in 1807 followed by the flight of the Portuguese court (sovereign and government officers) to Rio de Janeiro brought large benefits to Brazil.
法國於1807年入侵葡萄牙，隨後葡萄牙政府（最高統治者和政府官員）逃到了里約熱內盧，這給巴西帶來了巨大的利益。
Indeed, the transfer of the court in effect signified achievement of Brazilian independence.
確實，政府的轉移事實上意味著巴西的獨立的實現。
The Portuguese prince and future King João VI opened Brazil`s ports to the trade of friendly nations, permitted the rise of local industries, and founded the Bank of Brazil.
葡萄牙王子兼未來的國王若奧六世，開放了巴西的港口，與友好國家進行貿易往來，使地方產業的崛起成為可能，並建立了巴西銀行。
☐ In 1815 he elevated Brazil to the legal status of a kingdom coequal with Portugal.
在1815年，他將巴西提升為巴西王國，使之與葡萄牙享有同等的法律地位。
☐ In one sense, however, Brazil's new status signified the substitution of one dependence for another.
然而，從某種意義上說，巴西的新地位意味著一種依存關係被另一種依存關係所替代。
☐ Freed from Portuguese control, Brazil came under the economic dominance of England, which obtained major tariff concessions and other privileges by the Strangford Treaty of 1810 between Portugal and Great Britain.
擺脫了葡萄牙的控制，巴西受到了英國經濟的統治，英國通過1810年與葡萄牙籤訂的斯特蘭福德條約，獲得了重大的關稅減讓和其他特權。
☐ The treaty provided for the importation of British manufactures into Brazil and the export of Brazilian agricultural produce to Great Britain.
該條約規定了哪些英國商品可以進口到巴西以及哪些巴西農產品可以出口到英國。
One result was an influx of cheap machine-made goods that swamped the handicrafts industry of the country.
這導致的一個結果就是，大量廉價的機器製造的商品淹沒了巴西的手工業。

Brazilian elites took satisfaction in Brazil's new role and the growth of educational, cultural, and economic opportunities for their class.
巴西的精英們對巴西的新角色以及精英階層教育、文化、經濟機會的增加感到滿意。
But the feeling was mixed with resentment toward the thousands of Portuguese courtiers (officials) and hangers-on who came with the court and who competed with Brazilians for jobs and favors.
但這種情感中還夾雜著對數千名葡萄牙廷臣（官員）和與他們一道來的食客們的憤恨和不滿，這些食客與巴西人競爭工作機會和利益。
Thus, the change in the status of Brazil sharpened the conflict between Portuguese elites born in Brazil and elites born in Portugal and loyal to the Portuguese crown.
因此，巴西地位的變化加劇了出生在巴西的葡萄牙精英和出生在葡萄牙並忠於葡萄牙王室的精英之間的矛盾。

The event that precipitated the break with the mother country was the revolution of 1820 in Portugal.
促成巴西與宗主國（葡萄牙）決裂的事件是1820年的葡萄牙資產階級革命。
The Portuguese revolutionaries framed a liberal constitution for the kingdom, but they were conservative or reactionary in relation to Brazil.
葡萄牙的革命者為國家製定了自由憲法，但是在處理巴西關係方面他們顯得很保守甚至反動。
They demanded the immediate return of King João to Lisbon, an end to the system of dual monarchy that he had devised, and the restoration of the Portuguese commercial monopoly.
他們要求國王若奧六世立刻回到里斯本，結束他所製定的雙君主制，並恢復葡萄牙商業壟斷。
Timid and vacillating, King João did not know which way to turn.
國王若奧六世非常膽小和優柔寡斷，他不知道該選擇哪條路。
Under the pressure of his courtiers, who hungered to return to Portugal and their lost estates, he finally approved the new constitution and sailed for Portugal.
廷臣們都渴望回到葡萄牙，回到他們所失去的家園，在廷臣施加的壓力下，若奧六世最終批准了新憲法並乘船回到了葡萄牙。
He left behind him, however, his son and heir, Pedro, and in a private letter advised him that in the event the Brazilians should demand independence, he should assume leadership of the movement and set the crown of Brazil on his head.
然而，他把他的兒子兼繼承人佩德羅留在了巴西，並且在一封私信中，他勸告佩德羅如果巴西要求獨立的話，他應該領導這場運動並將巴西的皇冠放到自己的頭上（加冕成為巴西的皇帝）。

Soon it became clear that the Portuguese parliament intended to set the clock back by abrogating all the liberties and concessions won by Brazil since 1808.
很快，葡萄牙議會就企圖通過廢除巴西自1808年以來所獲得的一切自由和特權，來讓時光倒流。
One of its decrees insisted on the immediate return of Pedro from Brazil.
其中一條法令要求佩德羅立即從巴西回來。
The pace of events moved more rapidly in 1822.
事件的進展在1822年變得更快。
On January 9, urged on by Brazilian advisers who perceived a golden opportunity to make an orderly transition to independence without the intervention of the masses, Pedro refused an order from the parliament to return to Portugal, saying famously, "I remain".
1月9日，巴西幕僚們認為這是一個千載難逢的機會能讓巴西在排除乾擾的情況下有秩序地過度為獨立的王國，在幕僚們的勸導下，佩德羅拒絕了葡萄牙議會要求他回到葡萄牙的命令，說出了那句著名的：“我將留在這裡。” 
On September 7, regarded by all Brazilians as Independence Day, he issued the even more celebrated proclamation, "Independence or death!"
9月7日，在這個被巴西人定為獨立日的日子，佩德羅發布了更為著名的宣言，“不獨立，毋寧死！”
In December 1822, having overcome slight resistance by Portuguese troops, Dom Pedro was formally proclaimed constitutional Emperor of Brazil.
1822年12月，在鎮壓了葡萄牙部隊的輕微反抗之後，佩德羅正式加冕成為巴西的立憲制皇帝。