韋恩食記

defense mechanisms
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E9%98%B2%E5%8D%AB%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%B6
sublimation 
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%87%E5%8D%8E_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)

聽力

Narrator:
Now listen to part of a lecture in a psychology class.

Professor:
When people are in difficult situations, sometimes they experience feelings of helplessness, or psychological pain. 當人們處在困境中時，有時他們會感到無助或心理上的痛苦。
So, what do they do? 那麼他們做什麼呢？(問句後面通常是重點)
They unconsciously use strategies called defense mechanisms, to protect themselves psychologically from their painful emotions. 他們不自覺地使用了稱為心理防禦機制的策略，從心理上保護自己免受痛苦情緒的折磨。

Let's say a woman has a pet dog. 假設一名女子有一隻寵物狗。
She's had this dog for a long time, and he's kept her company and guarded her for years... but one day he runs away. 她養了這隻狗很久了，他陪伴並守護了她多年...但是有一天他逃走了。
This woman looks everywhere, and asks other people if they've seen her dog... but she just can't find him. 這個女人到處找，問別人有沒有看到她的狗......但她就是找不到他。
Now, she feels helpless and sad because she misses her dog. 現在，她因為想念她的狗而感到無助和悲傷。
So, she'll unconsciously find ways to deal with her painful feelings. 因此，她會不自覺地想辦法處理自己的痛苦情緒。

One defense mechanism she might use is fantasy. 她可能會使用的一種防禦機制是幻想。
With fantasy, the woman uses her imagination. 在幻想中，該名女子運用了她的想像力。(開頭跟上一句結尾相同的話，後半段很重要)
So instead of just feeling helpless and sad about her lost dog, she invents a happy story in her mind. 她因為狗狗的走失感到無助和悲傷，因此在腦海中編造了一個快樂的故事。
She might imagine that a nice family found him and feeds him, and that he's really happy with them. 她可能會想像著有一個不錯的家庭找到了他並飼養他，他很開心與他們生活在一起。
She'll picture the dog playing, running around... having fun. 她會想像狗在玩耍，到處跑...玩得很開心。
Because of this fantasy, she doesn't have to feel sad about her dog running away. 由於這個幻想，她不必為自己的狗跑掉而難過。
It's a fantasy... it's not real, but it keeps her pain away. 這是一個幻想...這不是真實的，但使她不感到痛苦。

Another defense mechanism she might use, is what we call sublimation. 她可能使用的另一種防禦機制是所謂的升華。
Sublimation is different from fantasy, because sublimation isn't about pretending... it's about turning negative emotions into something useful, practical. 昇華與幻想不同，因為昇華不是想像……而是將消極情緒變成有用，實用的東西。(開頭跟上一句結尾相同的話，後半段很重要)
So, the woman might start a dog training school. 因此，該名女子可能會開一家狗訓練學校。
That way, by training dogs, perhaps she can help prevent other people's dogs from running away, like hers did. 通過訓練狗，也許她可以幫助防止其他人的狗逃跑，避免像她一樣。
In other words, with sublimation as a defense mechanism, the woman redirects her negative feelings about losing her dog into a positive, constructive activity. 換句話說，通過昇華作為防禦機制，該名女子將失去狗的負面情緒轉為積極，建設性的活動。

回答範例
The professor uses examples to explain two defense mechanism, fantasy and sublimation.

For example, a woman has a dog for a long time, but one day her dog runs away.
The woman feels sad, so she uses two ways to deal with the situation.

The first one is fantasy.
The woman might imagine a happy story that a nice family finds her dog, thus she could keep the negative feeling away.

Another one is sublimation.
The woman may start a dog traning school to prevent other dogs losing, therefore she redirects her negative feeling into a positive activity.

可可英語 http://www.kekenet.com/toefl/201409/324786.shtml

蘑菇教育 http://www.moguedu.com/toefl/info/2525/53.html

康得留學顧問公司 https://www.cantabenglish.com/blog/tpo20