嬰兒失憶症
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%B1%E6%86%B6%E7%97%87
Jean Piaget
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%93%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E4%BA%9E%E5%82%91
符號學
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E5%AD%B8
Narrtor :
Listen to a part of lecture in a psychology class. 聽一段心理學的課堂講解。
Professor :
Ok, if I ask about the earliest thing you can remember, I'll bet for most of you your earliest memory, would be from about age 3, right? 如果我問大家最早的記憶在什麼時期，我猜你們多數人都會說在3 歲左右，對吧？
Well, that's true for most adults… we can't remember anything that happened before the age of 3. 對多數成年人來說確實如此，我們無法記得3歲之前發生的事情。
And this phenomenon is so widespread and well-documented it has a name. 這種現像是非常普遍且有證據證明，因此它有一個名稱。
It's called childhood amnesia and was first documented in 1893. 被稱為嬰兒失億症，在1893 年首次被文獻所記載。
As I said, this phenomenon refers to adults not being able to remember childhood incidents. 正如我剛才所說，這種現象指的是成年人無法記住童年的事情。(重新解釋childhood amnesia是什麼)
It's not children trying to remember events from last month or last year. 而不是說兒童試圖回憶上個月或去年的事情。
Of course it follows that if you can't remember an incident as a child, you probably won't remember it as an adult. 當然了，如果說你們小時候也記不得，長大後就更不能記得了。
OK, so...so... so why is this? 那麼，為什麼會這樣呢？(結巴，代表後面有重點)
What are the reasons for childhood amnesia? 兒童健忘症的原因是什麼呢？
Well, once a popular explanation was that childhood memories are repressed... uh, the memories are disturbing so that adults we keep them buried. 曾經一個流行的解釋是童年的記憶受到抑制和乾擾，以至於我們成年後想不起來。
And so we can't recall them… and this is based on… well—well it's not based on–on–on the the kind of solid research and lab testing I want to talk about today, so—so let's put that explanation aside and concentrate on just two. OK. 我們之所以不能夠回憶起來這些事情，是基於……這不是基於……我今天想要討論的可靠的研究和實驗室試驗，所以，我們先不講這個，就集中說說以下兩點！
It could be that as children we do form memories of things prior to age 3, but forget them as we grow older, that's one explanation. 在我們3 歲之前的階段確實形成了記憶，但是在我們長大的過程中就慢慢遺忘了，這是一種解釋。
Another possibility is that children younger than 3 lack, lack some cognitive capacity for memory. 另一種可能性就是3 歲以下的孩子缺乏記憶認知能力。
And that idea that children are unable to form memories that's been the dominant belief in psychology for the past hundred years. 而在過去的100 年中，兒童不能形成記憶的想法，一直在心理學界獲得廣泛認可。
And this idea is very much tied to two things. 這種想法和兩件事聯繫在一起。
The theories of Jean Piaget and also to language development in children. 尚.皮亞傑的理論以及兒童語言發展的理論。
So, Piaget's theory of cognitive development. 尚.皮亞傑的認知發展理論。
Piaget suggested that because they don't have language, children younger than 18 to 24 months live in the here and now, that is they lack the means to symbolically represent objects and events that are not physically presented. 尚.皮亞傑提出由於18‐24 個月以下的孩子不會說話，也就是說他們缺乏象徵性地表示未實際呈現的物體和事件的手段。
Everybody get that? 大家都明白了嗎？
Piaget proposed that young children don't have a way to represent things that aren't right in front of them. 尚.皮亞傑提出兒童沒有辦法表達那些沒有在他們面前的事物。
That's what language does, right? 這就是語言的功能了，對吧？
Words represent things, ideas. 詞彙可以形容事物、想法。
Once language starts to develop, from about age 2, they do have a system for symbolical representation and can talk about things which aren't in their immediate environment, including the past. 一旦語言在兒童2歲左右開始發育的時候，他們就有了一套符號表達系統，而且能說出不在場的東西，包含過去的事物。(do有加強語氣)
Of course, he didn't claim that infants don't have any sort of memory. 當然，他沒有說嬰兒沒有任何記憶。(這句很混淆，意思是嬰兒有記憶)
It's acknowledged that they can recognize some stimuli, like faces. 眾所周知，他們可以識別一些刺激，例如人的長相。
And for many years, this model was very much in favor in psychology, even though memeory test never performed on young children. 這種模式在心理學界一直都被廣泛認可，儘管沒有在孩子身上進行過任何試驗。
Well, finally in the 1980s, a study was done. 終於在1980年代完成了一項研究。
And this study showed that very young children under the age of 2 do have the capacity for recall. 研究顯示2歲以下的孩童有回想的能力。(do有加強語氣)
Now, if the children can't talk, how was recall tested? 既然孩子那時候還不能說話，那麼回憶試驗是怎麼進行的呢？
Well, that's a good question, since the capacity for recall has always been linked with the ability to talk. 這是個好問題，因為回想的能力總是與語言能力相關。
So the researchers set up an experiment using imitation-based tasks. 所以研究者就用模擬測試進行了實驗。
Adults used props, uh, toys or other objects to demonstrate an action that have 2 steps. 成人使用道具，呃，玩具或其他物品來演示具有2個步驟的動作。
The children were asked to imitate the steps immediately. 孩子們被要求立刻模仿這些步驟。
And then again after delays of one or more month. 然後一個或多個月後再次做實驗。
And even after a delay, the children could, could recall or replicate the action, the objects used, the steps involved and the order of the steps. 甚至是更久，孩子們還可以回想起來並表現，包括使用的物體、演示的步驟及順序。(could有加強語氣)
Even children as young as 9 month. 甚至是只有9個月大的孩子。(9 month有加強語氣)
Now, tests showed that there was a faster rate of forgetting among the youngest children. 如今實驗證明，現在在最小的孩子中的遺忘速率更快。
But most importantly, it showed that development of recall did not depend on language development. 但最重要的是，實驗顯示回憶的發展並不取決於語言的發展。
And that was an important finding. 這是一個重要發現。
I guess I should add that the findings don't say that there was no conncetion, no connection between the development of language and memory. 我想我該提及一下，不能說語言發育和記憶沒有關聯。(這種兩個no的要注意聽)
There are some evidence that being able to talk about that event does lead to having a stronger memory of that event. 有證據顯示，有能力去講一個事件會加強記憶。
But that doesn't seem to be the real issue here. 但這似乎不是真正的問題。
So back to our question about the cause of childhood amnesia. 回到我們關於嬰兒失億症的原因這個問題上來。 (cause有拉長音)
Well, there is something called the rate of forgetting and the childhood amnesia may reflect the high rate of forgetting. 有一種叫遺忘率的東西。嬰兒失億症可能反映了高的遺忘率。
In other words, children under the age of 3 do form memories and do so without language. 換句話說，三歲以下的孩子並沒有使用語言來形成記憶。
But they forget the memories at a fast rate, probably faster than adults do. 但是他們遺忘的速度很快，可能比成人還快。
Researchers have set a standard, sort of unexpected rate of forgetting. 研究人員設立了一個標準，一種意料之外的遺忘率。
But that expected rate was set based on tests done on adults. 但是這個預期的比率是基於成人測試所訂定的。
So what is the rate of forgetting for children under the age of 3. 那麼三歲以下的孩子的遺忘率是多少呢？
We expect it to be high. 我們認為會很高。
But the tests to prove this really haven't been done yet. 但能夠反駁這個觀點的測試目前還沒有進行過。
| Q1. What is the main purpose of the lecture? |
| A. To discuss possible explanations for childhood amnesia |
| B. To describe key features of childhood amnesia (並不是只講特徵而已，這樣就不必講研究方式等等) |
| C. To explain methods of testing memory in children of |
| D. To discuss why the ability recall memories |
| Q2. Why does the professor ask student about their earliest memories? |
| A. To help students relate to the topic she is about to discuss (呼應後面自問自答的childhood amnesia) |
| B. To establish that people |
| C. To introduce the connection between language and memory (後面才提到的東西) |
| D. To point out |
| Q3. What does the professor imply about some of the explanations for childhood amnesia that she describes? |
| A. They can |
| B. They were formed without proper evidence |
| C. They explain |
| D. They are contradicted by |
| Q4. The professor mentions some commonly held explanations for childhood amnesia. Indicate whether each of the following is one of the explanations she mentions？ |
||
| Yes | No | |
| Early memories are repressed (childhood memories are repressed... uh, the memories are disturbing) | O | |
| Young children have |
O | |
| Young children are |
O | |
| Children lose memories at a faster rate than adults (But they forget the memories at a fast rate, probably faster than adults do.) | O | |
| Young children |
O |
| Q5. The professor mention a study in the 1980s that tested memory in children under age 3. What did the researchers conclude from this study? |
| A. Young children do not develop the capacity for recall until after age 3 |
| B. Piaget's theory linking language development to memory was incorrect (But most importantly, it showed that development of recall did not depend on language development. And that was an important finding.) |
| C. Young children typically remember events for about nine months |
| D. The formation of memories is dependent upon language development |
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